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Wilson Jones (W362-44WV) 3-Ring View Binder, 11 x 8-1/2 Inches with 2-Inch Rings, White

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picture was shot by my dear friend Baqar Nassar ..

I got a message on my Facebook wall from another dear friend Dr Robi Ludwig, she loves turquoise,,as much as I do or more...she wants one for Valentines Day..

Much of the turquoise I have is from Nishapur Iran.
The two big ones on my hand have a strange story, I got one of them the one on the left hand from a Indo-Iranian jewellery fair that was held at Bandra Reclamation..by Nassar of Lucky Hotel ..the guy who sold it to me was called Fairuz Iranian name turquoise ..my name is derived from the Iranian root Firoze.

We became good friends and because of my attire people thronged to his stall, he made a killing and gave me the turquoise stone at a very special price, he also gave me a ruby ring..I too bought a lot of amber from him, Kerba..

The ring on my right hand I found at a stall at Bhendi Bazar its an identical twin, just two shades lighter , normally I would dip my rings in badam oil, to get the depth of color ..and it gives a luster too.

I have a humongous collection of rings, many I have given away to some of my Gurus..
but my favorite are the claws and my set of black Sulaimani Akeek or agate.

I also have a huge rocky turquoise pendant from Tibet.. and two bead turquoise necklaces from Ladakh..

About Turquoise

Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. In recent times turquoise, like most other opaque gems, has been devalued by the introduction of treatments, imitations, and synthetics onto the market, some difficult to detect even by experts.

The substance has been known by many names, but the word turquoise was derived around 16th century from the French language either from the word for Turkish (Turquois) or dark-blue stone (pierre turquin).[4] This may have arisen from a misconception: turquoise does not occur in Turkey but was traded at Turkish bazaars to Venetian merchants who brought it to Europe.[4] The colour, however, has been employed extensively in the decorative tiles adorning Turkish places of worship and homes for hundreds of years, beginning with the Seljuks, or was derived from the colour of the Mediterranean Sea on the southern Turkish coast and the association quite possibly has caused the name to take root.

Even the finest of turquoise is fracturable, reaching a maximum hardness of just under 6, or slightly more than window glass.[2] Characteristically a cryptocrystalline mineral, turquoise almost never forms single crystals and all of its properties are highly variable. Its crystal system is proven to be triclinic via X-ray diffraction testing. With lower hardness comes lower specific gravity (high 2.90, low 2.60) and greater porosity: These properties are dependent on grain size. The lustre of turquoise is typically waxy to subvitreous, and transparency is usually opaque, but may be semitranslucent in thin sections. Colour is as variable as the mineral's other properties, ranging from white to a powder blue to a sky blue, and from a blue-green to a yellowish green. The blue is attributed to idiochromatic copper while the green may be the result of either iron impurities (replacing aluminium) or dehydration.

The refractive index (as measured by sodium light, 589.3 nm) of turquoise is approximately 1.61 or 1.62; this is a mean value seen as a single reading on a gemmological refractometer, owing to the almost invariably polycrystalline nature of turquoise. A reading of 1.61–1.65 (birefringence 0.040, biaxial positive) has been taken from rare single crystals. An absorption spectrum may also be obtained with a hand-held spectroscope, revealing a line at 432 nanometres and a weak band at 460 nanometres (this is best seen with strong reflected light). Under longwave ultraviolet light, turquoise may occasionally fluoresce green, yellow or bright blue; it is inert under shortwave ultraviolet and X-rays.

Turquoise is insoluble in all but heated hydrochloric acid. Its streak is a pale bluish white and its fracture is conchoidal, leaving a waxy lustre. Despite its low hardness relative to other gems, turquoise takes a good polish. Turquoise may also be peppered with flecks of pyrite or interspersed with dark, spidery limonite veining.

[edit] Formation

As a secondary mineral, turquoise apparently forms by the action of percolating acidic aqueous solutions during the weathering and oxidation of pre-existing minerals. For example, the copper may come from primary copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite or from the secondary carbonates malachite or azurite; the aluminium may derive from feldspar; and the phosphorus from apatite. Climate factors appear to play an important role as turquoise is typically found in arid regions, filling or encrusting cavities and fractures in typically high

Construction Specifications of the Canton Viaduct
EXTRACT from written contract between the Boston & Providence Railroad and Dodd & Baldwin, showing the character of the Canton Viaduct.

It is understood that the said viaduct shall commence at a point 10.5 feet north-east of station marked 670, of the centre line of the Boston and Providence Rail Road, and extend 613.5 feet on said centre line, to a point 3 feet south-west of station marked 676, crossing the mill-pond of the Stone Factory, so called : that the said viaduct shall terminate at each end by an abutment and circular wing walls : that the basement wall shall, in every part, be laid on solid foundation – shall extend entirely across the base of the structure, and project from 1 to 2 feet beyond the exterior face of the superstructure, as may be directed.

The said basement wall shall be constructed of the best dry masonry, and the stone of such dimensions as shall be approved of by the Agent or his assistant ; the said basement wall shall in every part commence at least 3 feet below the surface of the earth, except where solid rock shall be encountered, and shall be raised to such elevation as the Agent or his assistant may direct.

The superstructure shall consist of two walls, extending the entire length of the viaduct, connected at intervals of 27? feet by buttresses 5? feet thick, extending transversely across the walls, and projecting 4 feet beyond their faces – the main walls to be 4 feet thick, 4 ? feet below the grade of the Road, at all points, and to have a battre on their exterior faces of 1 foot in 48 feet, or 1 inch to 4 feet – the interior faces to be perpendicular, and
to have a clear of 4 feet ; the exterior faces of the abutments and buttresses to have a battre conforming to the faces of the walls, viz : 1 foot to 48 feet.

There shall be one arch for a road-way, situated near station marked 674, the span of which shall be 22 feet - (the distance between the buttresses at this point shall be 26 feet, to conform thereto) – and seven arches of 8 feet span each, for the passage of the water in the pond. The impost of the arch over the road-way shall be at least 12 feet from the surface of the road – the arch semicircular, and the voussoirs or ring stones 2 feet long,
and not less than 15 inches thick ; the intrados and vault of the arch to have the same character, and dressed to conform in appearance to the exterior surface of the walls ; each arch over the pond to be situated midway between two buttresses – the imposts to be at least 6 feet above the surface of the water when the pond is full ; the voussoirs to be 18 inches long, and not less than 12 inches thick, and the intrados and vaults of the same
character as that of the road-way.

The entire superstructure shall be constructed of the best range work, laid in mortar ; the beds, ends, and 1 inch round the faces of the stones, dressed ; each and every stone in a range, shall have an equable bearing, and shall not have a rise of less than 16 inches ; the stones in each course shall have a rise equal to the face stone of that course ; all inequalities or cavities, formed by the irregular ends of the large stones, to be filled with small stone
and mortar, and made solid. The ranges in no instance to be broken between the buttresses, but shall extend so as to include one buttress at least. There shall be a sufficient number of headers in each range to secure the stability of the work, and placed at such intervals as the Agent or his assistant shall direct ; and stone not less than 7 feet in length, and of sufficient thickness, shall be placed at intervals between the buttresses, as binders, to unite the two main walls, and projecting into the wall 18 inches beyond the interior faces.

The exterior surface of the abutments and wing walls, shall be similar the exterior surface of the main walls of the superstructure, and the stone forming the faces of the same laid in mortar ; the stone of the interior of the wing walls shall be laid dry – but in every other respect shall conform to the general character of the superstructure, viz : of the best range work, each stone having a solid bed and bearing, and of dimensions suitable to range with the stone forming the face of the course.

The buttresses shall be carried up to within 7 feet of the grade of the Road, where an impost, projecting about 6 inches, shall be laid, and arches, forming an arch of a circle, with verse sines of 4 feet each, shall be sprung up from buttress to buttress, the voussoirs of which shall be 18 inches through, and the character of the work similar in all respects to the arch over the road-way.

The entire superstructure to be surmounted by a coping 18 inches thick, projecting 1 foot beyond the exterior faces of the ring stones of the arches, and formed of stone of such dimensions as the Agent and Engineer or his assistant may direct, and the seams of the coping stones shall be filled and closed with suc

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